Perspectives on the evolution of porcine parvovirus. Metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of porcine parvovirus 3 ppv3 in the pool of the internal organs of a wild boar found dead in southern italy. Studies on genetic properties of porcine parvoviruses inauguraldissertation to obtain the degree of doctor medicinae veterinariae dr. Pdf on may 12, 2016, zhengyang wang and others published porcine parvovirus find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Previous data show that ppv has two genetic lineages originating in germany. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete coding sequences showed that the newly detected virus is most closely related to those found also in wild boars in romania during 20102011. Porcine parvovirus definition of porcine parvovirus by. Major time points of porcine parvovirus ppv infection and immune response. In the sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, the chinese ppv5 strain clustered into a distinct clade with the. Porcine parvovirus ppv causes reproductive failure in pigs, characterized by embryonic and fetal death. Investigating porcine parvoviruses genogroup 2 infection. Porcine parvovirus causes reproductive failure of swine characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death, usually in the absence of outward maternal clinical signs. Abortion in pigs, in merck veterinary manual, national publishing inc.
The forces that drive the evolution of ppv are unknown. Disease caused by porcine parvovirus ppv is restricted to the pregnant sow or gilt with the virus capable of infecting and destroying both embryos and. Infection of postnatal pigs occurs without detectable clinical signs. Porcine parvovirus 2 ppv2 was detected in swine serum without showing any relationship with disease. To investigate porcine parvovirus 5 ppv5 infections in swine herds in china, clinical specimens of piglet lungs were examined for the presence of ppv5 using a polymerase chain reaction method. Ppv does not cause clinical signs at any other time than during pregnancy, when it may cross the placenta and infect developing embryos. Fetal serology from fresh stillborns may aid in the diagnosis of porcine parvovirus, pcv2, leptospira and prrsv. Environmental stressors and management factors can affect the severity of disease. Hemophiliacs treated with porcine factor viii known to contain porcine parvovirus genetic material do not seroconvert, suggesting that infection does not occur. General porcine parvovirus ppv infection is a common cause of reproductive failure in breeding pigs throughout the world. Porcine parvovirus ppv can cause reproductive failure in naive dams. Structure of a uniquely dense and compact virion 188 a. Viruses free fulltext porcine parvovirus infection. Parvoviral host range and cell entry mechanisms susan f.
In fenners veterinary virology fifth edition, 2017. First identification of porcine parvovirus 3 in a wild. A strain of ppv5 was detected, and its genome was sequenced and analyzed. There is only a single serotype of this virus and it affects only pigs. The emergence of the virus seemed to be a unique event until other genetically highly similar parvoviruses were identified in china and, later in 2012, the presence of the virus was also described in europe. Rapid and specific detection of porcine parvovirus using. Etiology porcine bocavirus pbov is a nonenveloped single stranded dna virus in the family parvoviridae, genus bocavirus. Pdf biology of porcine parvovirus ungulate parvovirus 1. Studies on genetic properties of porcine parvoviruses. Porcine parvovirus is a very resistant virus that normally multiplies in the pig s intestine without causing any clinical sign. The ppv is a very resistant virus that can survive without a host for several months, which makes it difficult to remove the virus from the pig herd and its environment. The influence of empty porcine parvovirus ppv particles on viral replication was examined in cell cultures and in swine.
This kit needs dna which can be isolated from blood, serum. Veterinary diagnostic laboratory 33 gortner avenue st. Supplemental assay method for examination of porcine cells. Porcine parvovirus is a fairly tough virus that multiplies normally in the intestine of the pig without causing clinical signs. Chile to detect porcine parvovirus in real time pcr. The gene coding for the major capsid protein vp2 of ppv was amplified using viral nucleic acid extract from swine serum and inserted into yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression plasmid. Porcine parvovirus and parvovirus 2 ppv real time pcr. In the swine host, porcine parvovirus 2 ppv2, porcine parvovirus 3 ppv3 and porcine parvovirus 4 ppv4 were recently identified hijisaka et al. Biology of porcine parvovirus ungulate parvovirus 1 ncbi. Porcine parvovirus infection swine diseases manual. From a worldwide perspective, porcine parvovirus ppv and porcine reproductive and. Porcine parvovirus ppv is a widespread infectious virus that causes serious reproductive diseases of swine and death of piglets. This is a posibility absolute quantification or qualitative assay.
Management of the patient with canine parvovirus enteritis. There is no clinically apparent disease in nonpregnant pigs. The presence of pseudorabies virus prv, porcine parvovirus ppv and porcine circovirus 2 pcv2 was examined in sixty samples spleen and lymph nodes and thirty samples of sacral ganglia collected from nonvaccinated swine by virus isolation and. Porcine parvovirus ppv, a virus in the species ungulate protoparvovirus 1 of genus protoparvovirus in the virus family parvoviridae, causes reproductive failure of swine characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death, usually in the absence of outward maternal clinical signs. Value between 3640 ct should be taken as marginal positive. Some manifestations of the disease are described by the acronym of smedi stillbirth. Pdf porcine parvovirus ppv is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Porcine parvovirus was detected in 12 of the same cases, and pcv 1 was detected in 9 of 69. The maternal antibodies protect the piglets passively green line. Clinically, the disease in a herd manifests with decrease in litter size, return to service and increase in the number of mummified andor stillborn piglets van leengoed. Porcine parvovirus infection department of agriculture. First complete genomic characterization of a porcine.
Smedi an acronym of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility is a reproductive disease of swine caused by porcine parvovirus ppv and porcine enterovirus. These include running out of feed, recent mixing or sorting of pigs, high stocking density, suboptimal temperatures, and poor ventilation. Two species of particles possessing ppvspecific hemagglutinating activity were observed banding at densities of 1. Parvovirus iowa state university iowa state university college of. Porcine parvovirus ppv is a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs. Lungs and hearts from mummified fetuses are useful for detection of these viruses by pcr. The porcine parvovirus they consider to be a pretty tough virus that multiplies normally. Differences in the pathogenesis of porcine parvovirus ppv were shown when pregnant gilts were infected by the oral and intramuscular i. Porcine parvovirus infection activates mitochondria. A typical epidemic of ppvinduced reproductive failure is presented as an increased number of mummified fetuses and sometimes, entire litters are mummified. The structure of baculovirusexpressed porcine parvovirus ppv capsids was solved using xray crystallography and was found to be similar to the related canine.
Porcine circovirus pcv is a common virus of pigs found throughout the world. Currently, eight species in four genera of parvovirus have been described that infect swine. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and wellbeing around the world. Porcine parvovirus ppv infection primarily causes reproductive failure of pregnant swine and results in host cell death. Although bocaviruses bovs have been recognized in veterinary medicine since the early 1960s. C or porcine xenotransplant tissues could be exposed unless the materials were derived from animals raised under special conditions that exclude ppv. Following extensive purification, homogenous preparations of full and empty ppv preparations were obtained and used for in vitro and in vivo analyses. Species porcine parvovirus ppv, family parvoviridae, subfamily parvovirinae, genus parvovirus, is an important and common cause of reproductive failure in pigs, and manifests as embryonic death with reabsorption, mummification, stillbirths, and reduced litter size.
Porcine parvovirus infection ppv in pigs causes and treatment porcine parvovirus infection, ppv, is the most common and important cause of infectious infertility among swine. After a day period in an parvovirus porcino isolation barn approximately 1 km away, all gilts entered the designated gilt barn on the parvovirus porcino site for breeding and gestation. Reactive oxygen species ros, a mediator of cell apoptosis, play a crucial role in the mitochondria. Smedi also causes abortion, neonatal death, and decreased male fertility. Molecular detection of pseudorabies virus prv, porcine. Porcine parvovirus ppv is a virus disease of pigs caused by a parvovirus from the. In the first in vitro experiment, swine testes cells were infected with mixtures of various ratios of empty and full ef. Reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus and. Infectionprevention the virus, ppv is present in most piggeries but careful isolation of the herd or establishment of a specific pathogen free herd can result in a ppv negative herd. Porcine parvovirus infection ppv in pigs causes and. Porcine parvovirus elisa kits the elisa enzymelinked immunosorbent assay is a widely used application for detecting and quantifying proteins and antigens from various samples. Porcine parvovirus ppv is widespread in wild boar 14% to 77% depending on the country but does not seem to cause lesions, although it may cause problems to wild boar sows in their first pregnancy in midgestation. Porcine parvovirus porcine parvovirus ppv causes reproductive failure in pigs, characterised by embryonic and foetal death. All of these viruses are genetically divergent from each other 2,4,6,8,14,16,17.
Porcine parvovirus nadis national animal disease information. Porcine parvovirus ppv has been recognised since 1969 as a major infectious cause of reproductive loss in pigs cartwright et al. By the oral route, ppv took 2332 days to cross the placenta following infection of the dam, as compared to 15 days by the i. Although there are various viral pathogens of swine which affect its reproductive performance include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv, ppv, porcine circovirus type 2. The effect of porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive. Prior to its identification, the smedi stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility syndrome had been described but it is now recognised that a parvovirus is the most common cause of this syndrome, which may also be. Clark, effects of adjuvants on porcine circovirus type 2associated lesions. Parvovirus can persist outside the pig for several months and is resistant to most disinfectants. When the virus is introduced into a fully susceptible breeding herd, it can have devastating effects. The virus is the principal cause of smedi syndrome.
Punjab and a diagnosis of ppv from abortion cases of swine using gross. It is associated with reproductive problems, including abortion, small litters, still births, neonatal deaths and weak piglets. Porcine parvovirus infection of the pregnant uterus. It is characterized by the occurrence of large numbers of mummified fetuses, an increase in the number of returns to estrus, small. Clinically, the disease in a herd manifests with decrease in litter size, return to service and increase in the number of mummified andor stillborn piglets van leengoed et al. It is characterized by the occurrence of large numbers of mummified fetuses, an increase in the number of returns to estrus, small litters, failures to farrow, decreased farrowing rate, and rarely abortion. Generation of recombinant porcine parvovirus viruslike. Epidemiological and immunopathological studies on porcine. Porcine parvovirus ppv is a small nonenveloped virus considered to be one of the major. Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that aects dogs, resulting in severe gastrointestinal disease and occasionally cardiac disease. Journal of swine health and production july and august 2009. Recombinant ppv vp2 protein was efficiently expressed in yeast and purified.
Mummified fetuses may harbor parvovirus, pcv2porcine, pcv3 or prrsv as well as other viruses. In this study, two more genetic lineages were defined, one of which was distinctly asian. Porcine parvovirus ppv was extensively purified from infected swine fetal homogenates by cacl2 precipitation followed by cscl density centrifugation. If you have difficulty accessing this file, visit web accessibility for assistance. The term smedi usually indicates porcine enterovirus, but it also can indicate porcine parvovirus, which is a more important cause of the syndrome. Stillbirths, mummification, embryonic deaths, and infertility, which is responsible for serious economic loss in pigs. Boars, as an important disseminator, shed ppv to sows via semen. Porcine parvovirus infection ppv porcine parvovirus infection ppv is the most common and important cause of infectious infertility. Ppv2 is widely distributed in pig populations where it is suspected to be involved. There will usually be a whole litter born, with some weak but alive, some stillbirths and. Porcine parvovirus ppv is a virus disease of pigs caused by a parvovirus from the parvoviridae family. Porcine parvovirus ppv is one of the main causes of porcine reproductive failure. Porcine parvovirus synonyms, porcine parvovirus pronunciation, porcine parvovirus translation, english dictionary definition of porcine parvovirus. Porcine parvovirus now designated as ungulate protoparvovirus 1 is a cause of reproductive failure in swine throughout the world.
The disease develops mainly when seronegative dams are exposed oronasally to the virus anytime during about. Mengeling, 1999 contaminated sites and premises are the main reservoir for the virus, which survives. Inhibition of porcine parvovirus replication by empty. It is important for swine industries to understand the recent trends in ppv evolution. Porcine parvovirus ppv causes reproductive failure in pigs, characterized by. Porcine parvovirus an overview sciencedirect topics. This dna virus is unique for its small size bp, circular genome, and. Usda aphis vs 166 or 166a permit must be obtained and a copy of the permit must be sent to atcc in advance of shipment.
Pdf coinfection by porcine circoviruses and porcine. Canine parvovirus infection is a serious viral infection in dogs. These include ungulate protoparvovirus 1 classical porcine parvovirus, ppv, ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 ppv3, ungulate tetraparvovirus 3 which includes ppv2, porcine hokovirus, porcine partetravirus and porcine parv4, ungulate copiparvovirus 2 which includes ppv4 and ppv5, ungulate. It is found worldwide, thus, it is an infection we must learn to live with and handle. Parvovirus porcino to one report, 30 ppv was able parvovirus porcino cross the intact zona pellucida and infect embryonic cells. Observations on the pathogenesis of porcine parvovirus. These permits may be required for shipping this product. Targetspecific elisa kits are available from a variety of manufacturers. No evidence of human infection, although pig han dlers are commonly exposed via oral or respiratory routes. Ppv infects and numerously replicates in boar testicle, which results in damage of swine testicle in vivo. First identification of porcine parvovirus 6 in north.